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lect13.txt
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1995-05-02
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----- The following copyright 1991 by Dirk Terrell
----- This article may be reproduced or retransmitted
----- only if the entire document remains intact
----- including this header
Lecture #13 "Love is Hell"
I'm sure most of you have seen Venus in the sky. In the nightime sky,
only the moon surpasses it in brightness. In fact, Venus' brilliance often
catches people by surprise. A large number of UFO reports are merely
sightings of this dazzling planet. Thus it is not difficult to understand
why our ancestors named this planet after the goddess of love.
But appearances can be deceiving, and in this case greatly so. Before the
age of spacecraft exploration, very little was known about the surface of
the planet because it is completely enshrouded by thick clouds. It is
amusing to read about old speculations as to the surface conditions. Some
described it as a humid, swampy planet teeming with life. Others wrote that
it was a hot, dry desert. One wonders if they weren't describing two
different planets. (Because of its orbit, Venus is seen either in the
morning or evening sky, and it was once thought to be two planets --
Hesperus and Phosphorus.) Probes of the planet by spacecraft (the first by
Mariner 2 in Dec., 1962) revealed it to be covered by a mainly carbon
dioxide atmosphere with a surface temperature of 750 Kelvins and pressures
as high as 1300 psi, or 90 times that here on Earth. And the principle
component of the clouds is sulfuric acid. Certainly no place for life as we
know it!
Venus is very similar to Earth in size and chemical composition. The
equatorial diameter of the planet is 12,104 km, which makes it about 95% the
size of the Earth. Its mass is 4.9 x 10^24 kg, which is about 82% the mass
of the Earth. Putting those two numbers together shows that the two planets
have very similar average densities, and thus similar chemical compositions.
Soil samples taken by the Soviet Venera landers show that the crust density
is about 3 gm/cm^3, like that of Earth.
Its orbit is nearly circular (e=0.007) and it orbits the sun in 224.7
earth days. One unusual characteristic about the planet is its rotation --
it rotates very slowly, spinning once every 243 days, and it rotates in a
retrograde sense (opposite to its orbital motion, only Uranus shares that
characteristic). Since its orbital period is shorter than its rotation
period, a "day" on Venus is longer than a "year."
Venus has been explored extensively by spacecraft from the USA and the USSR:
Spacecraft Encounter Date Type Country
------------------------------------------------------------------
Mariner 2 12/62 Flyby USA
Venera 4 10/67 Hard Lander USSR
Mariner 5 10/67 Flyby USA
Venera 5 5/69 Hard Lander USSR
Venera 6 5/69 Hard Lander USSR
Venera 7 12/70 Soft Lander USSR
Venera 8 7/72 Soft Lander USSR
Mariner 10 2/74 Flyby USA
Venera 9 10/75 Orbiter/Lander USSR
Venera 10 10/75 Orbiter/Lander USSR
Pioneer Venus 1 12/78 Orbiter USA
Pioneer Venus 2 12/78 Hard Landers USA
Venera 11 12/78 Soft Lander USSR
Venera 12 12/78 Soft Lander USSR
Venera 13 3/82 Soft Lander USSR
Venera 14 3/82 Soft Lander USSR
Venera 15 10/83 Orbiter USSR
Venera 16 10/83 Orbiter USSR
Vega 1 6/85 Flyby/Balloon USSR
Vega 2 6/85 Flyby/Balloon USSR
Magellan 8/90 Orbiter USA
------------------------------------------------------------------
Some notable achievements in that crowd: Venera 7 was the first
spacecraft to land on another planet, Venera 9 gave us the first photograph
of the surface, Mariner 10 gave us the first pictures of the planet from a
spacecraft, and Venera 13 returned the first color pictures from the
surface. Just to show you how harsh the surface conditions are, Venera 7
survived only 23 minutes after landing! Venera 8 was tougher. It lasted
almost an hour!
Because of the thick clouds, imaging of the surface from Earth or from
space must be done by radar. Radar can penetrate the clouds and let us probe
the surface. Practically the entire planet has been mapped by radar. These
maps have revealed that there are two continent-sized landforms on Venus,
and several deep basins. Most of the planet, however, consists of rolling
planes. Over 70% of the surface lies within +/- 1 km of the mean radius of
the planet. The same figure for Earth is only 20%.
The Venera lander photographs show the surface to be a rocky desert. The
chemical composition determined from soil samples show it to be very similar
to solidified lavas here on Earth. Magellan images have unmistakably shown
volcanic flows.
Being mainly carbon dioxide, Venus' atmosphere is the cause of its
extremely high surface temperature. The planet has a runaway greenhouse
effect because the carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid, and sulfur dioxide trap
the solar energy that reaches the surface. Even though only about 2-3% of
the solar radiation incident on the planet reaches the surface, the
greenhouse gases trap this energy very efficiently, causing the surface
temperature to be elevated by hundreds of Kelvins.
So, as you can see, Venus is not the kind of place where humans will be
running around in the near future. Although it is a beautiful sight in the
sky, the planet named after the goddess of love is probably not like what
the ancients had in mind.
Dirk